Penerapan Ensemble Machine Learning Random Forest dan XGBoost dengan Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) untuk Prediksi Urban Heat Island dan Land Surface Temperature di DKI Jakarta

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in tropical urban settings arises from interactions among built surfaces, vegetation, water bodies, and urban energy dynamics. This study modeled Land Surface Temperature (LST) in DKI Jakarta using Random Forest and XGBoost optimized with RandomizedSearchCV and 5-fold cross-validation. The analysis used 5,821 grid points at approximately 300 m resolution and five predictors: road density, NDVI, NDBI, NDWI, and distance to green open space. XGBoost slightly outperformed Random Forest, achieving R² = 0.507 and RMSE = 1.830°C compared with R² = 0.497 and RMSE = 1.849°C, although the difference was not statistically significant (Wilcoxon, p = 0.352). The RF-XGBoost ensemble did not improve performance due to very high residual correlation (r = 0.988) and a theoretical ensemble standard deviation reduction of only ~0.3%. SHAP analysis identified NDBI as the dominant predictor (mean|SHAP| = 0.986), with the strongest interaction between NDBI and road density (0.101). Hyperparameter tuning changed model ranking, statistical significance, and the leading SHAP interaction pair.